China’s nuns and imams: top religious sites to visit

When you think of vacationing in China, many images come to mind – the Great Wall snaking into the distance, vast cities, misty mountains, and ancient temples.

What you might not associate with the Land of the Red Dragon are churches and mosques. Yet, tucked away and certainly worth a visit are several buildings that hint at the variety of religious beliefs found in China today.

As such, this guide will help you dive into all the most fascinating mosques and churches in China, so keep reading.

Top mosques and churches to visit in China

From underground Catholic churches to ancient mosques, these are some of the most impressive religious sites to admire in China.

1. Great Mosque of Xi’an

Xi’an, home to the Terracotta Warriors, boasts the Great Mosque of Xi’an, founded in the 8th century. The mosque is a far cry from those found elsewhere in the world: it was built completely in the Chinese style, with not a minaret or dome in sight.

Some calligraphy and Arabic decorations are all that remind you of its Arabic roots. The mosque is at the center of a thriving Muslim Quarter, a testament to Xi’an’s origins at the start of the Great Silk Road.

Originally built in 742 AD during the Tang Dynasty, the mosque was later reconstructed in 1384 AD during Emperor Hongwu’s reign of the Ming Dynasty. The Great Mosque of Xi’an opens between 9am-8pm from March through November, and between 9am-6pm from December to February.

The Great Mosque, Terracotta Warriors, Muslim Quarter, and other key attractions in Xi’an are all included as part of our 12-day authentic China expedition trip.

2. Dali Catholic Church

Further from the tourist trail is one of the most beautiful Catholic churches in China. At first glance, it looks like a traditional Taoist or Buddhist temple built in the classical Chinese style. Its intriguing designs can keep you and your camera busy for hours, but just its exterior, as you’re not allowed to take photos inside the church.

Located in a quiet alley of Renmin Road, in Dali’s Ancient Town, it stands out by way of the crosses that adorn it. It was built by French missionaries from 1927 to 1932, and here mass is said every day, and a congregation of around 60 attends Sunday service.

While it’s perfectly fine to admire this church from the outside, if you want to head inside, you may only do so on Sundays. Keep in mind that the weekly Sunday mass takes place at 9.30am.

While you’re here, Dali’s Ancient Town is a bustling neighborhood lined with restaurants, shops, bars, hotels, medieval buildings, and other historical sites that you can explore afterward.

3. Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception

In Xicheng, Beijing, the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is one of China’s oldest Roman Catholic churches. Known to locals as the Xuanwumen Catholic Church, its original foundation was erected in 1605, but the current Baroque-style building was built later in 1904.

As you approach the cathedral grounds, you’ll be met with a Chinese-style gate and a large cross atop the building’s roof. Once inside, you’ll be stunned by the atmospheric chandelier-lit interiors as you head towards the altar in the northernmost section of the church.

This is another Catholic church in China that you’ll want to see for its intricate design. The church is open every day between 8-11.30am and 2-5pm.

4. Huaisheng Mosque

Next up is a stunning mosque in Guangzhou, and one of the oldest Islamic institutions in China, dating back over a thousand years. Huaisheng Mosque was built during the Tang Dynasty, and features a typical Chinese temple design but with Arabic scripture.

The mosque is also known as the Lighthouse Mosque due to its unique, tall, white minaret (tower), making it noticeable from a far distance. You may have to admire its beauty from the outside, as only Muslims are allowed to enter.

5. Sacred Heart Cathedral

Also in Guangzhou city, the Sacred Heart Cathedral is the seat of the Archbishop of Guangzhou. Also known as the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus or Shishi Catholic Church, many regard this site as the Notre Dame of East Asia.

This famous church has a history of over 130 years, with an all-granite structure built in a Gothic fashion reminiscent of European architecture. Built between 1863 and 1888, it stands out with its grand Gothic architectural style, and is one of only four all-granite churches in the world.

The Sacred Heart Cathedral is open daily between 8am-5.30pm, with mass times varying throughout the week. Note that while visitors are welcome to participate in mass, they are not allowed to walk around the cathedral during this time.

6. St. Ignatius Cathedral

If you find yourself in Shanghai, then make your way to Xujiahui, where you can visit the iconic St. Ignatius Cathedral. It’s one of the country’s biggest and most popular churches, often compared to great European cathedrals. In fact, many call it the Vatican of Shanghai.

The St. Ignatius Cathedral can accommodate 3,000 visitors at once and is shaped like a Latin cross, with two bell towers on either side reaching 187ft. The interior is just as jaw-dropping, with 64 round stone pillars decorated with carvings, all crafted by stones from Mount Jin in Suzhou.

This cathedral complex consists of 19 altars, 60 pointed-arch-shaped windows, and six large rose-like windows. There are also fascinating sculptures and paintings throughout, depicting biblical stories. The church is open to the public from Tuesday to Saturday, between 9am-4pm.

7. Niujie Mosque

As the largest mosque in Beijing, the Niujie Mosque is worth seeing for its immaculate architecture and cultural heritage. It was first built in the year 996 during the Liao Dynasty, and has since been a beacon of spirituality for Muslims living in the vicinity.

This ancient mosque covers an area of 1.5 acres, with decorative and vibrant Chinese architecture on the outside and Arabic influences on the inside. The complex consists of a Muslim Hall, the Moon House, the Minaret Building, the Tablet Pavilion, and the Bath Room. When visiting, you’re allowed to walk around in the side areas and alleys, but the main prayer hall is exclusive to Muslims.

The Niujie Mosque is also ideally located just outside the city center of Beijing, allowing you to explore more after your visit. Nearby attractions include the Museum of Natural History, the Temple of Heaven, and the Palace Museum. You can visit any time you like as the mosque is open 24 hours a day, daily.

8. All Saints Church

There’s no denying the intrigue of China’s Catholic churches, thanks to their distinct Gothic or Baroque styles and rich history. However, it’s time for another type of church to shine, one that is a symbol of Protestantism in China.

The All Saints Church in Shanghai is a Protestant Christian place of worship that was originally founded as an Anglican church in 1925. This church boasts a typical 17th-century, Romanesque revival style, with a rose window and bell tower.

The inside is breathtaking, with chandeliers, arches, columns, intricate wooden benches, and ceiling beams that line up almost perfectly symmetrical. The main hall can hold 500 people, and welcomes visitors every day between 9am-4pm.

9. Qingjing Mosque

Unlike most mosques in China that stuck to Chinese design elements, the Qingjing Mosque is known for its brilliant Arabic architecture. Also called the Ashab Mosque, this stunning site is located on lively Tumen Street in the Licheng District of Quanzhou.

Built by the Arabs in 1009 using stone structures, it is one of China’s only surviving mosques from the Song Dynasty. It’s also one of the oldest surviving mosques in the country, with a history that spans over a thousand years. For those who wish to visit it these days, it’s typically open between 8am-5.30pm daily.

Pure granite stones were used to build this mosque, as it was designed to resemble the mosque in Damascus, Syria. After entering through an imposing gate made of white granite and archways, you’ll be faced with the Fengtian and Mingshan Halls. Note the platform on the roof of the gate, that allows worshippers to watch the moon and decide when Ramadan begins.

10. Dunhuang Mosque

Dunhuang Mosque is another interesting site to visit for its more typical Islamic appearance. Located in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, this mosque is the oldest in the city, as it was initially constructed during the Ming Dynasty between 1368 and 1644.

Once there, you can take in the impressive fusion of Chinese and Islamic architectural styles, as seen with the integration of pagoda-like minarets. The Dunhuang Masjid is a symbol of historical and cultural exchange along the Silk Road. With its four distinctive towers, gold accents, and iconic features, many come here just to admire its allure.

However, it also offers a chance for a multifaceted journey with valuable insights into Muslim traditions, customs, and practices. The mosque has a prayer hall accompanied by side halls that are occupied by Muslims from Fajr to Isha daily. Then, the general public is allowed entry between 8am-7pm every day.

Tips for visiting religious sites in China

While many travelers may see religious sites as mere tourist attractions to tick off their China itinerary, these are still a place of worship to various religious groups, and must be explored with respect. That said, here are a few things to keep in mind before you visit mosques or Christian churches in China.

Dress and act modestly

When visiting a Chinese church or mosque, it’s essential to dress modestly to respect the local customs and traditions. So, when visiting Christian denominations, for example, try to mirror the respectful actions and body language of the Chinese Christians present.

Wear clothing that will cover your shoulders and sit below your knees. Avoid overly tight or revealing clothing and t-shirts with offensive wording or images on them. Lastly, be mindful of cultural context by researching specific customs and requirements of the place you are visiting.

Be mindful of restrictions and underground networks

China does have registered churches united under the China Christian Council (CCC), where Christians can worship freely. However, there are still unregistered churches and an underground network of protestant house churches.

The latter faces scrutiny, restrictions, and legal sanctions by the Chinese government. And since these “house churches” are always under pressure from the government, their members are more vulnerable to harassment, potential fines, and even arrests.

Keep noise levels low

Try your best to speak softly and avoid taking phone calls. Any loud talking or unsociable behavior, especially during services, is not only disrespectful but also disruptive.

Taking photographs may not be allowed

Check if you’re able to take photographs inside the church or mosque grounds before your visit. In many cases, taking photos is not allowed since this can be disruptive to the service and other worshippers.

FAQs about China’s churches and mosques

What are churches called in China?

In China, Catholic groups are usually known as underground churches. Protestant groups are typically known as house churches.

Why are there underground churches in China?

Underground churches began appearing in China after the Chinese Communist party tried to regulate and control them. Many Chinese Christians sought to maintain their faith independently.

Which Chinese Catholic church should you visit first?

You’d definitely want to see the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception first, as it is China’s oldest cathedral and an iconic landmark. It also has a rare and distinct Baroque style and a rich history, rife with challenges and cultural significance.

How many mosques are there in China?

There are 39,019 mosques in China as of the end of 2017, the majority of which are located in Xinjiang.

How many churches are there in China?

Since 2022, China has registered 6,440 official Catholic venues, including an unknown yet significant number of house churches.

Make it happen

People often think of China as a homogeneous, uniform kind of place, but dig a little deeper, and there’s a plurality of religions, ethnicities, landscapes, and cultures to explore. Options abound for the curious traveler, and you may wish to rely on the expertise of a local agent to help you plan your trip: reach out to them today to get the ball rolling.